Abstract

Objective
Occupational exposure to indium compounds including indium-tin oxide (ITO) can result in potentially fatal indium lung disease. We compared plasma, serum and whole blood indium concentrations (InP, InS and InB) from workers at a single ITO production facility to assess the comparability of these matrices used for biological monitoring of indium exposure.

Method
InP, InS and InB were measured using inductively coupled mass spectrometry from consenting workers at an ITO production facility with specimen collection occurring during June-July 2014. Matched pairs from workers were assessed to determine the matrix relationships using the Pearson correlation, paired t-tests, per cent difference, linear regression and ? statistics.

Results
Indium matrices were collected from 80 workers. Mean (SD) InP, InS and InB were 3.48 (3.84), 3.90 (4.15) and 4.66 (5.32) mcg/L, respectively. The InS-InP difference was 14%; InS was higher in all but two workers. InP and InS were highly correlated (r=>0.99). The InB-InS difference was 19%; InB was higher in 85% of workers. The InB-InP difference was 34%; InB was higher in 66% of workers. InB was highly correlated with both InP and InS (r=0.97 and 0.96, respectively). ? Statistics were 0.84, 0.83 and 0.82 for InP, InS and InB, respectively, for individuals with each matrix =1 mcg/L (p<0.01).

Conclusions
While all matrices were highly correlated, we encourage the use of InP and InS to reliably compare studies across different populations using different matrices. The higher per cent difference and increased variability of InB may limit its utility in comparisons with InP and InS in different populations.

Full Text

Comments

Indium-tin alloys are now used in the production of touch screens. Indium exposure can cause severe and unusual lung diseases with an alveolitis-like (or alveolar proteinosis-like) phase, progressing rapidly to destructive and sometimes fatal emphysema. The histology is unusual with large numbers of cells with cholesterol clefts. This paper provides methods for measuring indium in vivo, and suggests plasma or serum measurement rather than whole blood. Indium has a very long half-life of around 8 years in vivo, allowing measurement after exposure has ceased. Blood should be collected into trace metal free collection tubes.

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